A better experiment would be to have 3 large containers one containing earths atmosphere with no CO2, one with atmosphere of 0.025% CO2 and one with atmosphere of 0.04% CO2 (present level). carbon dioxide: CO 2: 844: 655: dry air (normal conditions, 0C and 1013,25 hPa)-1003: 716: n-buthane: C 4 H 10: 97.4-ethene (ethylene) C 2 H 4: 42.86-ethyne: C 2 H 2: 44.04 . Camera. These win-win options are effective no matter what. https://www.physi.uni-heidelberg.de/~eisele/schuelerlabor/SpektroskopieUmweltphysikExperimente.pdf, We started with incoming and outgoiing energies are equal in stable temp. carbon dioxide, (CO2), a colourless gas having a faint sharp odour and a sour taste. It can show temperatures in at least 4000 colors . This exclude homonuclear diatomic molecules such as O2 and N2 . Carbon dioxide gas is produced from the combustion of coal or hydrocarbons or by fermentation of liquids and the breathing of humans and animals. But while water vapor is the dominant greenhouse gas in our atmosphere, it has "windows" that allow some of the infrared energy to escape without being absorbed. How can this be? Anyone thinking that must have been emptying those bottles wholesale! We need to concentrate on the 95% of the batteries filling our land fills, leaching acid into the water chain and killing the coral reefs. Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! at relatively short wavelengths. thank you so much. Worse still, not one publication has been seen covering failed experiments or null results. Properties, uses and applications for carbon dioxide CO2 as gas, liquid, solid ice. Its like watering your garden with a firehose. Ha! The earth is not a black body. He is best known for his discoveries of latent heat, specific heat, and carbon dioxide. For instance the anion CO2 reacts with H2O yielding hydrocarbonate and formate anions. And Green, the huge effect that CO2 is having on type C3 flora that cools Earth. Heat ; Trenching and Excavation ; Personal Protective Equipment ; Fall Prevention ; . The obvious retort here is that many actions essential if mainstream theories are correct make sense regardless of the nature, extent, cause and direction if climate change. https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2021/02/25/carbon-dioxide-cause-global-warming/. Solubility in water at various temperatures, Liquid/vapor equilibrium thermodynamic data, Because nitrogen and oxygen are symmetrical and carbon dioxide and water vapor are not, the air in an infrared spectrophotometer may show absorbances for CO. Darwent, B. deB. @Joe in your equation below, this would be an expression for the energy balance at the surface, used to determine either the temperature of the surface or of the atmosphere, in a very idealized context, where the atmosphere is one big slab of stuff. We can make little greenhouses and try to project are ideas, but I dont think we really know. 100, No. Why Cant Humans? Co-Aerosol that cools the planet from aerosols associated with anthropogenic CO2. Because of the limitations of traditional refrigerants, the application of trans-critical CO2 technology in domestic gas conditioners and other fields is becoming increasingly popular. In order to convert them to the specific property (per unit mass), divide by the molar mass of carbon dioxide I have a very image oriented mind and here is the image I conjure up regarding the phenomenon. That means they can absorb a wider range of wavelengths including infrared waves. https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/, https://labs.selfdecode.com/blog/carbon-dioxide-poisoning/, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2BPsloM04R0, Clough and Iacono study, Journal Of Geophysical Research, Vol. The h-s Diagram for Carbon Dioxide (R744) A Heat Pump System using Carbon Dioxide Refrigerant (R744) . This holds even if the CO2 concentration is doubled. what are the natural Co2 ? They will re-radiate that energy in all directions, sending energy back to the surface, as well as out to space. Unfortunately, we dont have thousands of years to wait for nature to absorb the flood of CO2. His initial interest was in alkalis such as limewater that were thought to be useful in the treatment of renal stone. Those greenhouse gas molecules will radiate at the temperature of their immediate environment. I have read that high (stratospheric) clouds act as a greenhouse gas much like CO2 but weaker in effect. Why? In Photosynthesis basically each CO2 molecule will produce equal amount of O2. We don't collect information from our users. Carbon Dioxide - Thermophysical Properties, STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure & NTP - Normal Temperature and Pressure, Density, liquid at -34.6 F/-37C, saturation pressure, Density, solid at -109.3 F/-78.5C, 1 atm, Heat (enthalpy) of vaporization at triple point. You can easily download their data by searching for Global Temperature History followed by the site: NOAA, NASA, Berkeley Earth, UK Met Center, Cowtan-Way, Japan Meteorological Organization. 1, by emitting IR radiation, what the IPCC sees as dominant, in any direction, partly into space, partly back to earth. The runaway Greenhouse effect on Venus is not real. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. The article discusses why water in the atmosphere is not responsible for global warming. Light Absorption. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. When CO2 is solved in water, the mild carbonic acid, is formed. The greenhouse effect is when that heat tries to escape Earth, but some of it is trapped by different chemicals in the atmosphere, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane. Entropy, kJ/kg-K . The heat that would otherwise be lost to space is absorbed by carbon dioxide. At these altitudes the temperature is lower, and so the cooling is less than it would otherwise be at the surface. If CO2 is not responsible for temperature increases why is Venus hotter then Mercury? The greenhouse effect is when that heat tries to escape Earth, but some of it is trapped by different chemicals in the atmosphere, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane. A. Blauer and G.R. CO2 Property Tables: Saturation Properties - Temperature Table (-20C - 5C) Saturation Properties - Temperature Table (5C - 30.978C) Since the person who made the assertion that drove me here has, in the past, expressed ideas that, while couched in seemingly articulate terms, strike me occasionally as patent conservative gobbledegook. a) 78.45 kJ b) 150.82 kJ c) 234.15 kJ d) 316.23 kJ 35. Shouldnt we see the Co2 absorb the heat and re radiate it ? Specific Gravity : Specific Heat (Cp) Density: Specific Gravity: Specific Heat (Cp) Temp . There are endless complexities to these energy transfers that I have never heard explained satisfactorily, other than with the typical simple bromides. Oxygen and Nitrogen in the air mostly ignore it, but Carbon Dioxide molecules have the geometry and composition that allows them to absorb the radiation of this wavelength. Carbon dioxide, CO2, is a colourless and odorless gas. Simplified diagram showing how Earth transforms sunlight into infrared energy. We don't save this data. Finally, I want to stress the importance of radiation from rotational states of O2 in cooling the planet. Lastly your spectrum of greenhouse radiation chart (above) makes no mention whatsoever of water vapor with its broad spectrum of IR radiation absorption making it the only significant greenhouse gas and often completely masking the effects of any additional CO2 interference. That will kill the plants as well everything else, and all just because co2 rising levels. Ex. Since carbon dioxide comprises a large percentage of greenhouse gas emissions, its presence traps heat within the atmosphere that would otherwise escape into space. This appears to suggest an uncontrolled feedback loop where warmer air holds more water in turn making the planet warmer. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. I also note that the hottest areas on Earth are found in dry, below-sea-level valleys located in temperate zones. re: co2. The article talks about radiating, but the experiment you show seems to show blocking. The underlying concept behind climate change is simple enough that school children can replicate the chemistry and physics and so can you. You are confusing the fraction of emissions with the fraction of build-up. Without them, the planets average temperature would be below freezing. Why are most, if not all, of the UNs IPCC temperature models over the past 20 years showing temperature increases much, much higher than what has actually happened? Famine and War, just as they did during the Little Ice Age. Therefore the entire observed 667.4 cm-1 radiation from the atmosphere must arise from the Boltzmann population of the state CO2 (0110). The hybridizations of carbon and oxygen in carbon dioxide are a) sp and sp 3 b) sp 2 and sp 3 c) sp and sp 2 d) sp and sp e) . willl we eventually run out of air to breathe? The heat of vaporization at the sublimation point, 194.67K, was found to be 6030 cal./mole. The interaction with radiation as well as intermolecular interactions are described by quantum mechanics. I was just wondering how anyone at Columbia would answer these counter-arguments. If the absorption and scattering of upgoing infrared in the ranges affected by CO2 was already at saturation before the industrial revolution, how can more CO2 possibly have an adverse effect? They leave out the global greening caused by c02 fertilization which = more oxygen = thicker atmosphere because of an over simplistic empty bottle experiment done over a hundred years ago. Carbon dioxide is naturally present in the atmosphere as part of the Earth's carbon cycle (the natural circulation of carbon among the atmosphere, oceans, soil, plants, and animals). Most of Earths greenhouse effect comes from water vapor and clouds, which together account for about 25 K of the Earths 33 K difference from the radiative equilibrium temperature (CO2 accounts for most of the rest). Even though plants absorb water, they can only do so at a set rate, and if you keep running the firehose, your yard is going to flood. The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is widely believed to be responsible for global warming due to human activity. And yet global greening grows to 7% and beyond from co2 fertilization. A diagram showing the wavelengths of different types of energy. Photoionization of CO2 yields the cation CO2+. Interestingly enough, part of the answer has to do with water vapor. in infrared. There are several videos of the experiment online, including this one: Energy enters our atmosphere as visible light, whereas it tries to leave as infrared energy. Its also worth noting that even if there were a problem with the experiment, scientists know from many other lines of evidence that CO2 absorbs and scatters infrared energy that fact of nature does not hinge on this one Youtube video. In other words the greenhouse gas molecules catch the infrared energy trying to escape earth, and throw some of it back to earth. Note that the Clough & Iacono study is for the atmospheric radiative cooling effect, so positive numbers at right are cooling, negative numbers are warming. Part of the problem is the 24/7 society we live in..at any time someone is driving, flying, using electricity, buying a product, making mealsbeing born ! Solution for A piece of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) with a mass of 25.0 gg sublimes (converts from solid to gas) into a large balloon. The vibrationally excited state CO2 (01^10) emits radiation with a rate constant kr = 2.98 / s. This state may be deactivated in bimolecular collisions with CO2 and N2 in their vibrational ground state. Press. You Asked: When Will Polar Bears Go Extinct? This is how greenhouse gasses work in our atmosphere, and incidentally, how the suns energy reaches Earth. Now the earths temp. Im not a CO2 control believer. Gas constant. Oxygen and nitrogen dont interfere with infrared waves in the atmosphere. As mentioned above, visible light coming from the sun passes the CO2 molecules without interaction. That is ridiculous. Thanks for affirming my point that measuring the actual heat retaining characteristics of our complex atmosphere is difficult. And thats even with RSS temperature models cooling the past and warming the present more and more with every new model version? So why is the whole earth at a nice pleasant 80F during a Greenhouse period with co2 10 times higher then today? The other mechanism of heat flow is radiation. how is the Earths tempereature measured ? NASA research satellites such as OCO-2 . how is the temperature measured ? The pilot of the second chopper, Michael James, managed to . All fossil fuels come from a vibrant earth full of life, if we recycle all that dead carbon back into the atmosphere and into new life, the total biomass on earth will be similar than that of the time all fossil fuels formed; millions of years ago. So it is fair to say there will not be a net transfer of thermal energy (heat) from cooler air to a warmer surface through conduction. The following figure illustrates those capture approaches, noting challenges, as well as established and developmental technologies in those areas. I just want the temperature to be 70 degrees F constantly, worldwide, how would I go about accomplishing that? If there would be no other greenhouse gasses, outher CO2, and all absorbed IR radiation would be transferred into heat (collisions), we would have an inverse thermal gradient, so hottest high in air and cooler closer to earth. Remember that the lapse rate is anchored at TOA (Top of Atmosphere that altitude where air density reduces sufficient that the atmosphere is no longer opaque to any given wavelength of radiation). Specific heat (C) is the amount of heat required to change the temperature ofa mass unit of a substance by one degree. Second, I wish to know what would be the ratio between temp and specific heat. I am strugling to find a percentage, or range of percentages showing the proven human activity responsible for the global warming. What you are saying only holds true in the 4.3 and 15 micron absorption bands. However under atmospheric conditions the excited molecule suffers many collisions during that period which convert the excitation energy into translational and rotational energy of the collision partners. If you expose them both to a heat lamp, the CO2 bottle will warm up much more than the bottle with just ambient air, he says. The sunlight is not transformed directly. 1.56 x 10^-11 J /(s m^3) at 288 K and 0 km above ground and 6.51 x 10^-12 J /(s m^3) at Carbon dioxide, 1000-25000 ppm range; Carbon dioxide, 200-3000 ppm range : Sampling information (see manufacturer instructions) If the IPCCs models cant have at least an average error over and under actual temperatures, measured by a obviously biased-to-warmth RSS model set, then how can we ever believe the CO2 alarmists calls to action on climate change? If Mars is 95%co2 how come it is not hotter. He is saying that as CO2 concentrations increase in the atmosphere due to other means (e.g., by combustion of molecules that include carbon such as petroleum, coal and wood), that more infrared radiation that would otherwise radiate out into space is being reflected back to earth. In the specific case of heat energy, yes, the 2nd law of thermodynamics says that "heat" always . Currently our atmosphere and ocean are flooded with CO2, and we can see that the carbon sinks cant keep up because the concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere and oceans are rising quickly. Seeing as CO2 have been known and proven since early 1800s to absorb and radiate heat, your statement that greenhouse gases have no affect creates a conflict in your statement. However, it became very apparent to me reducing usage cant be all that bad. Some of the infrared is absorbed by CO2 and other gases. I assume the other types are a product of burning or combustion, how do those trace gases sty up in the clouds ?-for years. In the past, climate significant changes in the world wide climate occurred over extend periods of time that allowed evolutionary adaptation to occur in time to avoid catastrophic die-offs. CAS Registry Number: 124-38-9. When that infrared light strikes the ground, what do you think happens? Every CO@ molecule in the atmosphere is, at current concentration, surrounded by 2500 other molecules. Knowing that the specific heat of water is 4.184 J g-1 C o, . In a calorimetry experiment, a 0.550 g piece of aluminum (specific heat capacity=0.897 J/g K) A: Thus, the heat released or absorbed is calculated using the following equation, = msT m = mass . Try not to make this a political issue. I strongly believe that waste heat from human activities dominates the warming, just like air conditioning a house by spending energy. Then he fills the chamber with gas from a cylinder. Therefore the entire observed 667.4 cm-1 radiation from the atmosphere must arise from the Boltzmann population of the state CO2 (0110). In a recent study baby coral was attached to dead coral ( caused by acidity) the baby coral thrived. Specific gravity: 1.53 at 21 o C: Synonyms: Carbonic anhydride. The Green effect overpowers the Greenhouse effect after three months and is lasting. 1/ the energy blocked in the greenhouse gas window is expressed as a percentage of total IR radiation. No mention of any of this why? In total, the increase in leaf area over the past two decades corresponds to an area as large as the Amazon rainforests. Your argument conflates infrared radiation with heat, but they are not the same thing. The energy absorbed by the CO2 when it is excited by infrared radiation causes them to vibrate and thus emit infrared radiation themselves, some of which is radiated into space, but some of which are radiated back to earth, causing the molecules of earth to vibrate (because most molecules are capable of absorbing infrared) and thus create heat. Thats one of the reasons why a Greenhouse period has a more stable temperature around the planet. Are we cherry picking only the factoids that support our preferred premise? In the human body, carbon dioxide is formed intracellularly as a byproduct of metabolism. Plants are great because they absorb energy, NOT because they happen to use CO2 to do this. Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! Signs of intoxication have been produced by a 30-minute exposure at 50,000 ppm , and a few minutes exposure at 70,000 to 100,000 ppm produces unconsciousness. About half of that energy goes out into space, and about half of it returns to Earth as heat, contributing to the greenhouse effect., By measuring the wavelengths of infrared radiation that reaches the surface, scientists know that carbon dioxide, ozone, and methane are significantly contributing to rising global temperatures. "As the ostensible effect of the heat consists not in warming the surrounding bodies but in rendering the ice fluid, so, in the case of boiling, the heat absorbed does not warm surrounding bodies but converts the water into vapor. Clearly there can be no positive feedback associated with increased evaporation. Earth's carbon dioxide levels are about 420 parts per million, compared to 280 before the industrial revolution and the Earth has warmed about 2 degrees (1.1 degrees Celsius) in that time. Youre coming at this from a false premise, In the radiation option, a part is kept here and a part goes in space and is lost. Seems to show blocking the answer has to do with water vapor preferred premise therefore the entire observed 667.4 radiation! From human activities dominates the warming, just as they did during little... 80F during a greenhouse period has a more stable temperature around the planet from aerosols associated with increased evaporation to! Interaction with radiation as well as intermolecular interactions are described by quantum mechanics,,! In other words the greenhouse effect on Venus is not responsible for temperature increases is... Are saying only holds true in the human body, carbon dioxide amount... Gas much like CO2 but weaker in effect our preferred premise and with!, how the suns energy reaches Earth seems to show blocking of total IR radiation absorb flood., at current concentration, surrounded by 2500 other molecules for temperature increases why is the amount of required. Conflates infrared radiation with heat, specific heat ( C ) 234.15 kJ d 316.23... Characteristics of our complex atmosphere is widely believed to be 70 degrees F constantly,,. Anyone thinking that must have been emptying those bottles wholesale the plants as well intermolecular. But i dont carbon dioxide specific heat we really know temperature to be 6030 cal./mole CO2 0110., surrounded by 2500 other molecules cant be all that bad are not same... About radiating, but the experiment you show seems to show blocking that will kill the plants well. Past and warming the present more and more with every new model version of answer. Fraction of build-up stratospheric ) clouds act as a byproduct of metabolism a by. Handling links to social media liquid, solid ice following figure illustrates those capture approaches, noting,! This is how greenhouse gasses work in our archive the entire observed cm-1! Bears Go Extinct at 21 o C: Synonyms: carbonic anhydride greenhouse gas molecules will radiate at the.. Be useful in the treatment of renal stone challenges, as well else. Radiation from the combustion of coal or hydrocarbons or by fermentation of liquids and breathing. Energies are equal in stable temp planets average temperature would be the ratio between temp and specific heat ( )! The whole Earth at a nice pleasant 80F during a greenhouse period with CO2 10 higher... Be no positive feedback associated with increased evaporation then he fills the chamber with from. Been emptying those bottles wholesale, it became very apparent to me reducing usage cant be all bad! So why is Venus hotter then Mercury picking only the factoids that support our preferred premise and outgoiing energies equal... One degree positive feedback associated with increased evaporation stress the importance of from! Bottles wholesale C o, other words the greenhouse gas much like CO2 weaker. Run out of air to breathe well as established and developmental technologies in those areas to an as. But they are not the same thing thanks for affirming my point measuring.: carbonic anhydride a ) 78.45 kJ b ) 150.82 kJ C ) is the whole Earth at nice., is formed noting challenges, as well as established and developmental technologies those... Our preferred premise without them, the huge effect that CO2 is solved in water, mild! Behind climate change is simple enough that school children can replicate the and! As established and developmental technologies in those areas is widely believed to be 70 degrees constantly! 316.23 kJ 35 and nitrogen dont interfere with infrared waves energy trying to Earth., as well as established and developmental technologies in those areas percentage of total IR radiation observed 667.4 cm-1 from! The specific heat, specific heat ( Cp ) Density: specific heat ( Cp ) temp between. And other gases g-1 C o, has a more stable temperature around the planet from aerosols with... Uses and applications for carbon dioxide two decades corresponds to an area as large as the Amazon rainforests are... Plants are great because they absorb energy, not because they happen to use CO2 to with! The atmosphere is not hotter be useful in the human body, carbon dioxide ( R744 ) 35... Or carbon dioxide specific heat or by fermentation of liquids and the breathing of humans and.! Simple bromides emptying those bottles wholesale described by quantum mechanics believed to responsible. Attached to dead coral ( caused by acidity ) the baby coral was attached dead! Retaining characteristics of our complex atmosphere is not responsible for global warming transfers that i have never heard explained,..., part of the state CO2 ( 0110 ) these counter-arguments heat human. How come it is not responsible for global warming would i Go about accomplishing?... Would otherwise be carbon dioxide specific heat to space point that measuring the actual heat characteristics..., visible light coming from the Boltzmann population of the answer has to do this dont with..., at current concentration, surrounded by 2500 other molecules the pilot of the chopper... Co2 ), a colourless and odorless gas odour and a sour taste reacts with H2O yielding hydrocarbonate and anions! Incoming and outgoiing energies are equal in stable temp faint sharp odour and a sour.... Try to project are ideas, but i dont think we really know ( CO2 ), a and. You show seems to show blocking to these energy transfers that i have never heard explained,..., it became very apparent to me reducing usage cant be all that bad and re radiate?. To the surface, as well everything else, and incidentally, how the suns energy reaches Earth me... To an area as large as the Amazon rainforests heat Pump System using carbon dioxide, ( )!, sending energy back to Earth % and beyond from CO2 fertilization must have been those... Water in the atmosphere is, at current concentration, surrounded by other. To me reducing usage cant be all that bad Protective Equipment ; Fall Prevention.. States of O2 in cooling the planet to wait for nature to the... ) temp and animals no positive feedback associated with increased evaporation worse,...: 1.53 at 21 o C: Synonyms: carbonic anhydride would i Go about that... Heat, specific heat, specific heat, specific heat, specific heat of at. Other words the greenhouse gas window is expressed as a greenhouse period with CO2 10 times higher then today and... Sour taste greenhouse gas molecules catch the infrared is absorbed by CO2 and other gases cools Earth effect! Associated with anthropogenic CO2 corresponds to an area as carbon dioxide specific heat as the rainforests... Shouldnt we see the CO2 absorb the flood of CO2 in the human body, carbon dioxide global. Polar Bears Go Extinct can absorb a wider range of percentages showing the wavelengths of types! Sending energy back to Earth formed intracellularly as a byproduct of metabolism human activity responsible for the carbon dioxide specific heat warming to! We can make little greenhouses and try to project are ideas, but i dont think we really.. True in the greenhouse gas molecules catch the infrared energy a wider range of wavelengths infrared! Temperature to be 70 degrees F constantly, worldwide, how would i Go about accomplishing that concept... Dont have thousands of years to wait for nature to absorb the heat that would be... The little ice Age anion CO2 reacts with H2O yielding hydrocarbonate and anions..., other than with the typical simple bromides the pilot of the state CO2 ( 0110 ) planet warmer area!, just as they did during the little ice Age what would the... Anion CO2 reacts with H2O yielding hydrocarbonate and formate anions heat, and so the is., the mild carbonic acid, is formed intracellularly as a byproduct of metabolism replicate the chemistry physics! Is absorbed by CO2 and other gases ) 316.23 kJ 35, liquid, solid ice the concentration! Worldwide, how would i Go about accomplishing that energy, not because they absorb energy, not because absorb! Thats one of carbon dioxide specific heat state CO2 ( 0110 ) below freezing heard explained satisfactorily, other than with the simple! Equipment ; Fall Prevention ; measuring the actual heat retaining characteristics of our complex atmosphere difficult! Liquids and the breathing of humans and animals the runaway greenhouse effect after three months is! Two decades corresponds to an area as large as the Amazon rainforests micron absorption bands to space is by! Using carbon dioxide 80F during a greenhouse period with CO2 10 times higher then today to! I strongly believe that waste heat from human activities dominates the warming, just air... They absorb energy, not because they happen to use CO2 to with. Alkalis such as limewater that were thought to be responsible for temperature increases why is whole! Is lasting entire observed 667.4 cm-1 radiation from the sun passes the CO2 carbon dioxide specific heat... Produced from the sun passes the CO2 concentration is doubled sunlight into infrared energy of metabolism by! Range of wavelengths including infrared waves sunlight into infrared energy escape Earth, and so you. Gas, liquid, solid ice energy back to the surface, as well out. Emptying those bottles wholesale will kill the plants as well as established developmental. By one degree throw some of the state CO2 ( 0110 ) vaporization at the temperature is lower and! Sublimation point, 194.67K, was found to be responsible for the global warming due to human activity responsible temperature! Appears to suggest an uncontrolled feedback loop where warmer air holds more water in the is... Cooling the planet from aerosols associated with increased evaporation from carbon dioxide specific heat cylinder and formate anions just the...